Terpenes and Terpenoids

[J.James]

Terpenes and Terpenoids




Terpenes and terpenoids are often used interchangeably. Though the two are closely related, they are not one and the same thing. Here is the ultimate guide on terpenes and terpenoids; what they are, how they differ, and the therapeutic benefits that have brought them on the radar lately.
Terpenes and terpenoids are similar in many ways. Terpenes are more popular than terpenoids. However, what most people refer to as terpenoids are actually terpenes. Once you have understood the difference between the two, it will be clear why in some instances, such as when discussing the therapeutic benefits, it is “okay” to use the two terms interchangeably.

What is the difference between terpenes and terpenoids?
Terpenes are essential aromatic oils that are dominant in most cannabis strains. They are biosynthesized from acetyle-CoA or a glycolytic intermediate. Terpenoids are terpenes that have undergone oxidation through drying and curing.
Terpenoids, also called isoprenoids, are a diverse lipid group that are similar to terpenes. While terpenes contain a hydroxyl group terpenoids contain additional functional units that make them unique. Terpenoids may also be referred to as terpenes that have been chemically modified.

What Are Terpenes?
Terpenes are arguably the most diverse class of natural products. Cannabis plants have more than 200 terpenes that have been identified, though only a handful have been studied.
Most terpenes are found in plants. However, larger and more complex terpenes (such as squalene and lanosterol) may be found in animals. Terpenes are made up of isoprene units and usually have these units in multiples of five.

Terpene	Isoprene Units
Monoterpenes	2
Sesquiterpenes	3
Diterpenes	4
Sesterterpenes	5
Triterpenes	6

Terpenes are found in the resinous glands on cannabis buds and flowers together with phytocannabinoids. The term terpene when used correctly refers to the number (in multiples) of isoprene units found in a compound. When used loosely (as in terpenoids) it refers to the additional functional units in the skeletal isoprene units.

What Are Terpenoids?
Terpenoids can be defined as terpenes that have additional functional groups that give them unique characteristics. Terpenoids may also be defined as terpenes that have undergone oxidation through the process of drying and curing.
Here are the common types of terpenoids:

Terpenoid	Isoprene Skeletal Units
Hemiterpenoid	1
Monoterpenoid	2
Sesquiterpenoid	3
Diterpenoid	4
Sesteterpenoid	5
Triterpenoid	6
Tetraterpenoid	8
Politerpenoid	N

Common Marijuana Terpenes & Their Health Benefits
Modern research has shown that a comprehensive terpene wheel (see below) has over 20,000 terpene types; the cannabis plant has about 200 terpenes. Science is only beginning to catch up on the diverse mechanisms and potential benefits of this group of compounds.
Here are the common terpenes found in cannabis and the therapeutic benefits that they have to offer.

Myrcene
Myrcene is a monoterpene whose aroma has been described as earthy or herbal. This terp is also found in oil of hops, bay leaves, wild thyme, lemon grass and many other plants.
Myrcene lowers the blood- brain barrier resistance and allows itself and other terpenes to cross to the brain. In the case of cannabinoids, myrcene increases their speed of action in that their effects are felt faster. It also increases the maximum saturation level of the CB1 receptor, increasing the psychoactive benefits of THC.
Myrcene also offers analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antimutagenic benefits.

Pinene
Pinene is a bicyclic monoterpenoid which has the aroma of pine and fir. α-pinene and β-pinene are the common forms of pinene occurring in cannabis, they are terpenoids. Pinene is also found in balsamic resin and pine wood. It has anti-inflammatory, expectorant and bronchodilator properties. It has also been used as an anti-cancer agent in Chinese medicine.

Limonene
Limonene is a monocyclic monoterpenoid with a strong citrusy smell. It is also found in citrus fruit rinds, juniper, rosemary and pine needle oils. It is absorbed easily into the bloodstream and also improves the absorption of other terpenes. It has potent antibacterial and antifungal benefits. It has shown potential in the suppression of breast cancer as well.

Caryophyllene
Beta-caryophyllene is a sesquiterpene that is also found in basils, cloves, black pepper, and lavender. It has a peppery or woody aroma. Caryophyllene is the only terpene that interacts directly with the endocannabinoid system through the CB2 receptors. It offers antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties against neuropathic pain.

Linalool
Linalool is a non-cyclic monoterpenoid that has floral and lavender undertones. It is commonly used in aromatherapy to provide relaxation and anti-anxiety effects. It also improves immunity and has been used in the treatment of lung inflammation.

Camphene
Camphene is a plant-derived monoterpene with the odor of damp woodlands and fir needles. Recent research has shown that camphene may help in treating cardiovascular disease. In a rat model, this terpene helped to reduce plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels.

Terpineol
α-Terpineol is common in cannabis strains that have high pinene levels. It has antioxidant and antimalarial properties.

Phellandrene
Phellandrene is a terpene that smells of peppermint. It has been used in Chinese medicine to relieve digestion problems. It is one of the easiest terpenes to identify in a lab setting. It is easily absorbed through the skin which makes it ideal for use in topical products. It is also found in herbs and spices such as garlic, dill, and parsley.

Carene
Delta-3-carene is a bicyclic monoterpene with a mix of pungent-sweet odor. It is commonly found in essential oils such as cypress oil, juniper berry oil and fir needle oils. It depresses the central nervous system and may be used to dry out excess body fluids in tears and sweat. It is also found in bell peppers and citrus peels.

Humulene
Humulene is a sesquiterpene found in cannabis in the form of α-humulene and α–caryophyllene which is an isomer of β–caryophyllene. It is common in hops and cannabis sativa strains. Humulene offers anti-tumor, anti-bacterial, and appetite suppressing benefits. It has been used to facilitate weight loss.

Pulegone
Pulegone is a monocyclic monoterpenoid which is found in cannabis but is abundant in rosemary. It offers sedative and fever-reducing benefits. It also helps to alleviate the short-term memory loss associated with high levels of THC. It can also be used as an insecticide.

Sabinene
Sabinene is a bicyclic monoterpene which is common in cannabis, Norway Spruce, black pepper, and basil. Preliminary research has shown that this terpene can offer antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits.

Are Terpenes in Cannabis Psychoactive?
Terpenes lack psychoactive properties and will therefore not get you high. On the contrary, some terpenes may diminish the psychoactive effects of THC.

How do I isolate terpenes during cannabis extractions?
Terpenes, as well as terpenoids, are degraded easily by heating. Consequently they need to be isolated in the first part of extraction and stored away in air and light-tight containers to prevent degradation. After the cannabinoids have been separated the terpenes can be added back to boost the therapeutic benefits through cannabis synergy.

What are Cannabis Flavonoids?
Flavonoids are chemical compounds found in cannabis, as well as other plants, that provide the different pigments. Cannabis has over 20 known flavonoids including anthocyanin, apigenin, quercetin, cannflavin A and cannflavin B (unique to cannabis), and kaempferol. Flavonoids offer antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits and also boost the therapeutic benefits of cannabinoids though cannabis synergy.

What is a Terpene Wheel?
It’s a graphical representation, in the form of a cyclic wheel, which shows the natural occurring terpenes, their unique characteristics, and where they are commonly found.
Terpenes and terpenoid are an essential component of cannabinoid therapy; we will keep updating this definitive guide as the body of research in this area continues to expand.

Link to Original Article

Terpenes and Terpenoids: The Ultimate Guide - CannabisReports.org

Here is the ultimate guide on terpenes and terpenoids; what they are, how they differ, and the therapeutic benefits that have brought them on the radar lately.

cannabisreports.org

 

[J.James]

 

[J.James]

• Mycrene

Myrcene, specifically β-myrcene, is a monoterpene and the most common terpene produced by cannabis (some varieties contain up to 60% of the essential oil). Its aroma has been described as musky, earthy, herbal – akin to cloves. A high myrcene level in cannabis (usually above 0.5%) results in the well-known “couch-lock” effect of classic Indica strains. Myrcene is found in oil of hops, citrus fruits, bay leaves, eucalyptus, wild thyme, lemon grass and many other plants. Myrcene has some very special medicinal properties, including lowering the resistance across the blood to brain barrier, allowing itself and many other chemicals to cross the barrier easier and more quickly. In the case of cannabinoids (like THC), myrcene allows the effects of the cannabinoid to take effect more quickly. More uniquely still, myrcene has been shown to increase the maximum saturation level of the CB1 receptor, allowing for a greater maximum psychoactive effect. Myrcene is a potent analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antibiotic and antimutagenic. It blocks the action of cytochrome, aflatoxin B and other pro-mutagenic carcinogens. The Bonamin et al study focused on the role of β-myrcene in preventing peptic ulcer disease. The study revealed that β-myrcene acts as an inhibitor of gastric and duodenal ulcers, suggesting it may be helpful in preventing peptic ulcer disease. Its sedative and relaxing effects also make it ideal for the treatment of insomnia and pain. Since myrcene is normally found in essential oil from citrus fruit, many claim eating a fresh mango about 45 minutes before consuming cannabis will result in a faster onset of psycho activity and greater intensity. Be sure to choose a mango that is ripe otherwise the myrcene level will be too low to make a difference.

• Pinene

Pinene is a bicyclic monoterpenoid. Akin to its name, pinene has distinctive aromas of pine and fir. There are two structural isomers of pinene found in nature: α-pinene and β-pinene. Both forms are important components of pine resin. α-pinene is the most widely encountered terpenoid in nature. Pinene is found in many other conifers, as well as in non-coniferous plants. It is found mostly in balsamic resin, pine woods and some citrus fruits. The two isomers of pinene constitute the main component of wood turpentine. Pinene is one of the principal monoterpenes that is important physiologically in both plants and animals. It tends to react with other chemicals, forming a variety of other terpenes (like limonene) and other compounds. Pinene is used in medicine as an anti-inflammatory, expectorant, bronchodilator and local antiseptic. α-pinene is a natural compound isolated from pine needle oil which has shown anti-cancer activity and has been used as an anti-cancer agent in Traditional Chinese Medicine for many years. It is also believed that the effects of THC may be lessened if mixed with pinene.

• Limonene

Limonene is a monocyclic monoterpenoid and one of two major compounds formed from pinene. As the name suggests, varieties high in limonene have strong citrusy smells like oranges, lemons and limes. Strains high in limonene promote a general uplift in mood and attitude. This citrusy terpene is the major constituent in citrus fruit rinds, rosemary, juniper and peppermint, as well as in several pine needle oils. Limonene is highly absorbed by inhalation and quickly appears in the bloodstream. It assists in the absorption of other terpenes through the skin and other body tissue. It is well documented that limonene suppresses the growth of many species of fungi and bacteria, making it an ideal antifungal agent for ailments such as toenail fungus. Limonene may be beneficial in protecting against various cancers, and orally administered limonene is currently undergoing clinical trials in the treatment of breast cancer. Limonene has been found to even help promote weight-loss. Plants use limonene as a natural insecticide to ward off predators. Limonene was primarily used in food and perfumes until a couple of decades ago, when it became better known as the main active ingredient in citrus cleaner. It has very low toxicity and adverse effects are rarely associated with it.

• B-Caryophyliene

Beta-caryophyllene is a sesquiterpene found in many plants such as Thai basils, cloves, cinnamon leaves and black pepper, and in minor quantities in lavender. It’s aroma has been described as peppery, woody and/or spicy. Caryophyllene is the only terpene known to interact with the endocannabinoid system (CB2). Studies show β–caryophyllene holds promise in cancer treatment plans. Research shows shows that β–caryophyllene selectively binds to the CB2 receptor and that it is a functional CB2 agonist. Further, β–caryophyllene was identified as a functional non-psychoactive CB2 receptor ligand in foodstuff and as a macrocyclic anti-inflammatory cannabinoid in cannabis. The Fine/Rosenfeld pain study demonstrates that other phytocannabinoids in combination, especially cannabidiol (CBD) and β-caryophyllene, delivered by the oral route appear to be promising candidates for the treatment of chronic pain due to their high safety and low adverse effects profiles. The Horváth et al study suggests β-caryophyllene, through a CB2 receptor dependent pathway, may be an excellent therapeutic agent to prevent nephrotoxicity (poisonous effect on the kidneys) caused by anti-cancer chemotherapy drugs such as cisplatin. The Jeena, Liju et al study investigated the chemical composition of essential oil isolated from black pepper, of which caryophyllene is a main constituent, and studied its pharmacological properties. Black pepper oil was found to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive properties. This suggests that high-caryophyllene strains may be useful in treating a number of medical issues such as arthritis and neuropathy pain. Beta-caryophyllene is used especially in chewing gum when combined with other spicy mixtures or citrus flavorings.

 

[J.James]

• Linalool

Linalool is a non-cyclic monoterpenoid and has been described as having floral and lavender undertones. Varieties high in linalool promote calming, relaxing effects. Linalool has been used for centuries as a sleep aid. Linalool lessens the anxious emotions provoked by pure THC, thus making it helpful in the treatment of both psychosis and anxiety. Studies also suggest that linalool boosts the immune system; can significantly reduce lung inflammation; and can restore cognitive and emotional function (making it useful in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease). As shown by the Ma, J., Xu et al study, linalool may significantly reduce lung inflammation caused by cigarette smoke by blocking the carcinogenesis induced by benz[α]anthracene, a component of the tar generated by the combustion of tobacco. This finding indicates limonene may be helpful in reducing the harm caused by inhaling cannabis smoke. Linalool boosts the immune system as it directly activates immune cells through specific receptors and/or pathways. The Sabogal-Guáqueta et al study suggests linalool may reverse the histopathological (the microscopic examination of biological tissues to observe the appearance of diseased cells and tissues in very fine detail) hallmarks of Alzheimer’s Disease and could restore cognitive and emotional functions via an anti-inflammatory effect. The Environmental Protection Agency has approved its use as a pesticide, flavor agent and scent. It is used in a wide variety of bath and body products and is commonly listed under ingredients for these products as beta linalool, linalyl alcohol, linaloyl oxide, p-linalool and alloocimenol. Its vapors have been shown to be an effective insecticide against fruit flies, fleas and cockroaches. Linalool has been isolated in several hundred different plants. The Lamiaceae plant and herb family, which includes mints and other scented herbs, are common sources. The Lauraceae plant family, which includes laurels, cinnamon, and rosewood, is also a readily available source. The Rutaceae family, which contains citrus plants, is another viable source. Birch trees and several different plant species that are found in tropical and boreal climate zones also produce linalool. Although technically not plants, some fungi produce linalool, as well. Linalool is a critical precursor in the formation of Vitamin E.

• Terpinolene

Terpinolene is a common component of sage and rosemary and is found in the oil derived from Monterey cypress. Its largest use in the United States is in soaps and perfumes. It is also a great insect repellent. Terpinolene is known to have a piney aroma with slight herbal and floral nuances. It tends to have a sweet flavor reminiscent of citrus fruits like oranges and lemons. Terpinolene has been found to be a central nervous system depressant used to induce drowsiness or sleep or to reduce psychological excitement or anxiety. Further, terpinolene was found to markedly reduce the protein expression of AKT1 in K562 cells and inhibited cell proliferation involved in a variety of human cancers.

• Camphene

Camphene, a plant-derived monoterpene, emits pungent odors of damp woodlands and fir needles. Camphene may play a critical role in cardiovascular disease. The Vallianou et al study found camphene reduces plasma cholesterol and triglycerides in hyperlipidemic rats. Given the importance that the control of hyperlipidemia plays in heart disease, the results of this study provide insight into to how camphene might be used as an alternative to pharmaceutical lipid lowering agents which are proven to cause intestinal problems, liver damage and muscle inflammation. This finding alone warrants further investigation. Camphene is a minor component of many essential oils such as turpentine, camphor oil, citronella oil and ginger oil. It is used as a food additive for flavoring, and also used in the preparation of fragrances. It is produced industrially by catalytic isomerization of the more common α-pinene.

 

[J.James]

• Terpineol

α-Terpineol, terpinen-4-ol, and 4-terpineol are three closely related monoterpenoids. The aroma of terpineol has been compared to lilacs and flower blossoms. Terpineol is often found in cannabis varieties that have high pinene levels, which unfortunately mask the fragrant aromas of terpineol. Terpineol, specifically α-terpineol, is known to have calming, relaxing effects. It also exhibits antibiotic, AChe inhibitor and antioxidant antimalarial properties

• Phellandrene

Phellandrene is described as pepperminty, with a slight scent of citrus. Phellandrene is believed to have special medicinal values. It has been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine to treat digestive disorders. It is one of the main compounds in turmeric leaf oil, which is used to prevent and treat systemic fungal infections. Phellandrene is perhaps the easiest terpene to identify in the lab. When a solution of phellandrene in a solvent (or an oil containing phellandrene) is treated with a concentrated solution of sodium nitrate and then with a few drops of glacial acetic acid, very large crystals of phellandrene nitrate speedily form. Phellandrene was first discovered in eucalyptus oil. It wasn’t until the early 1900s that it was actually constituted and shown that phellandrene from eucalyptus oil contained two isomeric phellandrene (usually referred to as α-phellandrene and β-phellandrene), and on oxidation with potassium permanganate gave distinct acids, concluding that the acids had been derived from two different isomeric phellandrene. Before that, phellandrene was mistaken for pinene or limonene. Today, we are aware of many essential oils where phellandrene is present. It is, however, a somewhat uncertain terpene as it can only be detected in the oils of some species, especially in Eucalypts, at particular times of the year. Phellandrene can be found in a number of herbs and spices, including cinnamon, garlic, dill, ginger and parsley. A number of plants produce β-phellandrene as a constituent of their essential oils, including lavender and grand fir. The recognizable odors of some essential oils depend almost entirely upon the presence of phellandrene. Oil of pepper and dill oil are composed almost entirely of phellandrene. The principal constituent in oil of ginger is phellandrene. Phellandrene, particularly α-phellandrene, is absorbed through the skin, making it attractive for use in perfumes. It is also used as a flavoring for food products.

• Carene

Delta-3-carene is a bicyclic monoterpene with a sweet, pungent odor. It is found naturally in many healthy, beneficial essential oils, including cypress oil, juniper berry oil and fir needle essential oils. In higher concentrations, delta-3-carene can be a central nervous system depressant. It is often used to dry out excess body fluids, such as tears, mucus, and sweat. It is nontoxic, but may cause irritation when inhaled. Perhaps high concentrations of delta-3-carene in some strains may be partially responsible for symptoms of coughing, itchy throat and eye afflictions when smoking cannabis. Delta-3-carene is also naturally present in pine extract, bell pepper, basil oil, grapefruit and orange juices, citrus peel oils from fruits like lemons, limes, mandarins, tangerines, oranges and kumquats. Carene is a major component of turpentine and is used as a flavoring in many products.

• Humulene

Humulene is a sesquiterpene also known as α-humulene and α–caryophyllene; an isomer of β–caryophyllene. Humulene is found in hops, cannabis sativa strains, and Vietnamese coriander, among other naturally occurring substances. Humulene is what gives beer its distinct ‘hoppy’ aroma. Humulene is considered to be anti-tumor, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anorectic (suppresses appetite). It has commonly been blended with β–caryophyllene and used as a major remedy for inflammation. Humulene has been used for generations in Chinese medicine. It aids in weight loss by acting as an appetite suppressant.

• Pulegone

Pulegone, a monocyclic monoterpenoid, is a minor component of cannabis. Higher concentrations of pulegone are found in rosemary. Rosemary breaks down acetylcholine in the brain, allowing nerve cells to communicate more effectively with one another. An ethnopharmacology study indicates pulegone may have significant sedative and fever-reducing properties. It may also alleviate the side effects of short-term memory loss sometimes associated with higher levels of THC. Pulegone has a pleasant peppermint aroma and is considered to be a strong insecticide.

• Sabinene

Sabinene is a bicyclic monoterpene whose aromas are reminiscent of the holidays (pines, oranges, spices). Results of an ongoing study by Valente et al suggest that sabinene should be explored further as a natural source of new antioxidant and anti-inflammatory drugs for the development of food supplements, nutraceuticals or plant-based medicines. Sabinene occurs in many plants, including Norway spruce, black pepper, basil and Myristica fragrans (an evergreen indigenous to the Moluccas)—the Spice Islands of Indonesia. The seeds of the Myristica fragrans are the world’s main source of nutmeg. Sabinene exists as (+)- and (–)-enantiomers.

• Geraniol

Geraniol produces a sweet, delightful smell similar to roses. This makes geraniol a popular choice for many bath and body products. It is also known to be an effective mosquito repellant. Medically, geraniol shows promise in the treatment of neuropathy.

 

[TheSadVeryBadMadGrower]

Great post.

 

[Fiddler's Green]

Thank you for that!